Filipinos and Mexicans were the only ones who were separated, but this was due to language rather than racial discrimination. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. Hoover was largely blamed for the ineffective federal role to that point, and Americans were largely thankful to see their government trying any policy. President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Anyone who has seen the famous old Civil War movie ' Gone with the Wind' might remember the Shanty Town on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia that was occupied by freed slaves and poor whites. As people increasingly relied on credit to buy homes filled with new conveniences of the day, like refrigerators, radios, and cars, many Americans were living beyond their means. Residents of the previous Hooverville in Tacoma rebuilt homes on the same site they occupied throughout. months[9] = "Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Click here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941) They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. months[3] = "Check out the interesting and diverse websites produced and created by the international publisher in the Siteseen network. Advertisement. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? "; Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. No two In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. During the Great Depression, other Hoovervilles were built in. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Hundreds of Hooverville settlements were built across the United States, but some stood out. Longley, Robert. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. 361 lessons. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. Link will appear as Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, October 18, 2018. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996 (accessed March 1, 2023). Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. On two occasions, the Seattle Health Department ordered the residents to leave and burned their shanties when they refused. Who Were the Democratic Presidents of the United States? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . People were expected to fend for themselves. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. Hooverville housed about 10,000 veterans and their families in ramshackle shelters built from old lumber, packing boxes, and scrapped tin from a nearby junk pile. Many squeezed in with relatives. Sign Me Up, Editing resources is available exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members.To edit this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start editing! They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. The new mayor allowed the towns Hooverville to thrive and grow, even granting it some official tolerance. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The term was coined by Charles Michelson. Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. However, that didn't last long. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. It is just west of Qwest Field and the Alaska Viaduct. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. In 1932, a new mayor was elected based on his support for the Unemployed Citizens League. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. (Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images). Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Each Hooverville was unique. Police officers doused the little structures with kerosene and lit them as spectators watched. months[11] = "A vast range of highly informative and dependable articles have been produced by the Siteseen network of entertaining and educational websites. In 1929, unemployment was around 3%. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. Homelessness followed quickly from joblessness once the economy began to crumble in the early 1930s. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. Many people turned to farming, and grew the food themselves, like fruits, vegetables, cattle, chickens, sheep, and hogs. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, which became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. This photo shows a team of two work horses hitched to a wagon with farm house visible in the background in Beltsville, Md., in 1935. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . Here are ten key facts to know about Herbert Hoover, who he was as a person and his tenure as president. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. months[5] = "Explore the interesting, and fascinating selection of unique websites created and produced by the Siteseen network. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. 19. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. months[7] = "The Siteseen network is dedicated to producing unique, informative websites on a whole host of educational subjects. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. The inhabitants of the Hoovervilles and shantytowns in the 1930s were deprived of many of these basic needs - for additional facts refer to Poverty in the Great Depression. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. Democratic National Committee publicity director and longtime newspaper reporter Charles Michelson is credited with coining the term, which first appeared in print in 1930. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. It comes from the New York Public Library. At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. The new population was forced to set up makeshift "towns" known as "Hoovervilles." 16. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, who became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. Ultimately, they were a bitterly ironic symbol of the suffering inherent in the worst economic crisis in U.S. History. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. Some have estimated that 500 Hoovervilles sprang up in 1929 and increased in number to over 6000 in the 1930s. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. Those who did were chronically underpaid. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. Many Americans in need believed the resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency. He wasn't a particularly warm, charismatic individual; he had won the presidency on the strength of his record and his character, but very few people would have described him as sympathetic (though by all accounts, he agonized over the suffering of the Great Depression). By the early 1940s, with the economy rebounding during World War II, many Hoovervilles had fewer residents and most were torn down. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. "; Longley, Robert. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. 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