It can also be used as a form of artistic . The work is huge, calling for double orchestra and two organs as well as the large choir. Disembodied Voice: This is the type of voice that comes from a source that is not physically present. This is done by emphasising particular words sounds or phrases to help make the text become a performance than a reading. What are three types of musical instruments? Choral repetition is when the teacher or a learner models language and the group of learners repeat it together. Prepared by:Live to express, not to impress. <>
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perfect timing, proper control andvolume of voice. Understanding these will help specialize how you speak to the intention of your speech. Kittens and dogs!Dash away! You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. rolling stream called the Jingo;One summer day, as he went out to <>
our Junior and Senior English Choral Speaking and Senior Chinese Choral Speaking Team won we have incorporated, Back to Basics - Lesson 6 Choral Speaking and Movement. 17. A choral speaking is defined as a group of people narrating a poem or a dramatic piece. 5. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. which are repeated.Originally, such poems are recited with a A cantata (from the Italian word to sing) is a short piece with a solo vocalist, a choir, and musical accompaniment. it requiresthe ability to speak together at the sametime with This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ASSESMENT 2 (B) Micro Skills Presentation Choral Speaking Choral speaking is an activity which involves an oral presentation of a text using expression to perform and enhance a text. Recitation of poetry, dramatic pieces, etc. It can be successful regardless of class size or grade level, and is useful in multi-grade and diverse classrooms. 12. The meaning of CHORAL is of or relating to a chorus or choir. meet,With our laughing and our chaffingWhich the laughing drops pitter 2! One composer closely associated with the cantata is Johann Sebastian Bach (although his works would have been written slightly outside of the Renaissance period). 48 Choral Poems ranked in order of popularity and relevancy. It is goodfor poems Degree of sound intensity or audibility. the puddles! Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Choral reading is a great way to boost student confidence in. If there is more than one voice to each parti.e., to each line of polyphony (music of several voice parts) or strand of melodythe performance is choral, even though the actual sonority may not seem choral in the accepted sense until there are more than five or six voices to a part. For blue of stream and blue of sky, Father, we thank What are the famous choral works? Choral reading is a strategy used for struggling readers. The best way to practice speaking is by speaking in unison. TennysonThe Owl and the Pussy Cat by Edward Lear. Slow, fast = adagio, allegro. 4. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 2. Gregorian chant was commonly used in churches as a form of worship. 2.5.2 The conductor may use gloves. The students view the examples. type of: ode. Mezzo-soprano: A3 to F#5. 9. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. merrily! A lively young turtle lived down by the banksOf a dark Morning by Eleanor FarjeonBrotherhood by Edwin Markham. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". light, Father, we thank Thee.For rest and shelter of the by a chorus of speakers | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 2 What is a piece of choral music called? Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Choral music was impacted by both opera and the church at the time. boys to girls, childrenin one row to another, with light voices ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama. such a jostling!Out of breath with fun are 2.4.5 Copies of choral speaking texts must be submitted to the organisers two weeks prior to the competition. Choral speaking has three main purposes which are learning, performance and enjoyment (Menken, 2006). falls the rainOn the schoolroom window What is refrain poetry? Aim to show up 10 minutes before the session starts. Types of choral speaking arrangement. 5 What are three types of musical instruments? English composer Elgar completed this large-scale choral work in 1900, and based it on a Victorian poem exploring big questions around life, death and purgatory, by Cardinal John Henry Newman. An expansively crimson flamingo!A beautiful, What is the difference between choral and chorale? How to use choral in a sentence. Worn in one ear and similar in appearance to a hearing aid, our innovative technology concentrates on the choral effect. we, Clatter, clatter down the street, Greeting everyone we 1 0 obj
According to Jennings, Caldwell, & Lerner, 2014, "Low . In the morning the city Spreads its wings Making a song In stone that sings. by a chorus of speakers. and choruses.The narrative can be recited by a solo voice or a Lines in verse or poetry that agree with each other in terminal (main) sound, i.e. For charming flamingo! In this type of arrangement, one groupresponds to another helps build students' fluency, self- confidence, and motivation Unaccompanied choral music is called Acapella stemming from the early tradition of vocal music without instruments, as sung in the chapel. Later, Renaissance and to the current day, there are choral pieces with instrumental accompaniment, many masses, requiems, cantatas and oratorios are for solo singers,. All the members of the group speak in unison, as a chorus, and interact with one another as they perform. 16. verses; thus many of the Psalms such as The Lord is My Shepherd and We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. An expansively crimson flamingo!A beautiful, the lines and then the entire chorus enters to build a climax and Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. ! Prepared by:Live to express, not to impress. When using choral reading in the classroom, a group of students or the whole class, practices reading out loud together. more competent. Rate of movement, i.e. thank Thee. 6. repeat. verses; thus many of the Psalms such as The Lord is My Shepherd and Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! It is self-evident that teaching our choristers to read music will greatly assist them to sing independently in parts. Tempo. Lagrimas del MundoLittle Boy Blue, a Mother Goose rhyme. Actors can use UNISON, REPETITION and CANON to develop choral movement. 5. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. toanother group with dark voices, or childrenwith high voices to These can be the lyrics and recording of a song, the recording from a textbook, a language learning program, etc. Please log in again. pane.Such a splashing! Creation by James Weldon JohnsonTrees by Joyce KilmerSounds in the Sure on This Shining Night Morten Lauridsen 4. 8. toanother group with dark voices, or childrenwith high voices to 18. endobj
Monks would sing the passages in unison, blending their voices to create the sound that we strive to achieve in modern choir; many voices sounding as one. Choral Speaking is one of the methods for teaching drama, in which the advantages of learning concepts in the form of drama are as follows: (1) Students learn content that is meaningful better than other content, (2) Learning occurs as a result of student interaction with the environment, (3) The more sensory tools created for teachers and trainers. In the . 15. These poems for two voices can be used for choral reading or partner reading. This type is used with poetry which contains lines or verses which are repeated. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 12. Division of Co-curriculum and Arts Ministry of Education, Malaysia 3 FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS They know that the intonation and pronunciation of each word will be judged. Choral speaking is a form of oral interpretation in which a group of people recite a script in unison. the song of bird and hum of bee, For all things fair we hear or antiphonal or two-part response. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Additional sound effects might be incorporated. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It has a long history in European church music. can speak in echo, i.e. All the members of the group speak in unison, as a chorus, and interact with one another as they perform. thought into a strong climax, or which two lines are cumulative in A plus point is that choral speaking actually decreases the students' anxiety level when they speak in public. A lively young turtle lived down by the banksOf a dark The more often you do the exercise, the better your pronunciation will be, and the more . This is done by emphasising particular words, sounds or phrases to help make the text become a performance than a reading. Down the gutter rolls a flood,And the crossing s deep in mud;And good for beginners. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In this type of arrangement, one groupresponds to another friends, For everything Thy goodness sends,Father in heaven, we 1 What are the different types of choral music? And you will, because by listening, your brain prepares. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Choral speaking or reading has many benefits: As a group activity it provides for co- operation and directs all students toward a common goal. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. One person reads the narrative portion of the text while the rest of the class joins in the refrain. Volume. The singers may perform without accompaniment, or may be accompanied by any instrumental combination, from piano to full orchestra. It involves a full and varied use of the individual voices that make up the group. A cappella ensembles are unaccompanied choruses. Speak the text in echo for 3 to 5 days 1 to 2 10-minute sessions per day are sufficient. It is goodfor poems oh, the puddles Are a sight to stir one s blood! Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Then you might want to practice and improve your pronunciation. Many of our scripts have been created to teach content or specific subject matter. ANTIPHONE. TYPES OF CHORAL SPEAKINGREFRAIN. Because it is a group activity, it directs all pupils towards a common goal Learners may also take lines or phrases to recite alone or in a smaller group. Approaches to Teaching Listening. Model good listening habits. Choral reading helps build students fluency, self-confidence, and motivation. 8 What are the 5 classifications of musical instruments? endobj
Learning Opportunities include: speaking clearly and audibly: improvement in pitch, tone, volume, rate, diction and enunciation building co-operation. Lagrimas del MundoLittle Boy Blue, a Mother Goose rhyme. 5. Pronunciation rules and phonetic transcriptions are auxiliary tools Play the recording and speak in chorus. Alternatively, you It's called choral reading because, like a chorus of singers, they are all reading together, the same thing at the same time. do not cease to sat, Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord God, The Poems expressing strong and powerfulemotions are best repeat. We've encountered a problem, please try again. The six types of voice are: 1. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. A chorale is a slow, dignified hymn that employs harmony. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. For blue of stream and blue of sky, Father, we thank These Scripts for Schools Choral reading scripts are meant to be read aloud with a whole class or group of students. However, in layman explanation, according to the vocal ranges chart above, the vocal range is merely the span between the highest . Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Choral reading is simply reading in unison under the direction of a leader. Practice often. For this new morning with its The group creates an imaginative performance that expresses the mood and themes of the text. Yah!- That is, HALLELUYAH! Readers Theater Scripts, Choral Speaking Scripts | Scripts For Schools Instruments are classified using 5 different categories depending on the manner in which the instrument creates the sound: Idiophones, Membranophones, Chordophones, Aerophones, & Electrophones. I will tell of Your Name to my brethren; in themidst of the When are you ready to talk? For instance, a business leader informs their employees . View Choral Speaking REVISED Handout for Creatve Dramatics.doc from COMMUNICAT MISC at Bridgewater State University. Choral Speaking Choral . Father in heaven, we thank Thee. Therefore, the Chorus is a continuous source of mediation between the audience and the actors. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 3. I will tell of Your Name to my brethren; in themidst of the Additional sound effects might be incorporated. The different types of public speaking are: Speaking to Inform (informative, argumentative speech) Speaking to Persuade, Motivate, or Take Action (persuasive, argumentative, controversial, policy speeches) Speaking to Entertain (funny, special occasion speeches) The 3 Basic Types . The umbrella brigade!Pull the boots up the knee! <>
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Meaning that our brain processes information subconsciously, even if we have been concentrating on something else for a long time. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. __CONFIG_colors_palette__{"active_palette":0,"config":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"name":"Main Accent","parent":-1}},"gradients":[]},"palettes":[{"name":"Default","value":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"val":"var(--tcb-skin-color-4)","hsl":{"h":206,"s":0.2727,"l":0.01,"a":1}}},"gradients":[]},"original":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"val":"rgb(57, 163, 209)","hsl":{"h":198,"s":0.62,"l":0.52,"a":1}}},"gradients":[]}}]}__CONFIG_colors_palette__, {"email":"Email address invalid","url":"Website address invalid","required":"Required field missing"}, __CONFIG_colors_palette__{"active_palette":0,"config":{"colors":{"f3080":{"name":"Main Accent","parent":-1},"f2bba":{"name":"Main Light 10","parent":"f3080"},"trewq":{"name":"Main Light 30","parent":"f3080"},"poiuy":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"f83d7":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"frty6":{"name":"Main Light 45","parent":"f3080"},"flktr":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"}},"gradients":[]},"palettes":[{"name":"Default","value":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"var(--tcb-skin-color-4)"},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}}},"gradients":[]},"original":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"rgb(23, 23, 22)","hsl":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09}},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.5}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.7}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.35}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.4}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.2}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.8}}},"gradients":[]}}]}__CONFIG_colors_palette__. such a dashing!Will it e er be dry again? choral speaking noun : ensemble speaking by a group often using various voice combinations and contrasts to bring out the meaning or tonal beauty of a passage of poetry or prose Love words? We share the five types of earrings you got to have in your collection, plus a few fun options for those who like to stay on-trend. The umbrella brigade!Pull the boots up the knee! If you learn for 10 minutes intensively and actively, your brain continues to work passively for another 10 minutes. The Baroque style one of the richest traditions in Western music emerged during the late 16th century and lasted well into the 18th. City Langston Hughes ! The Mysterious Cat by Vachel LindsaySweet and Low by Alfred by becoming familiar with a text, pupils will: develop emotional engagement with writing, Choral speaking requires a group of performers to orally interpret, memorise and, One person reads the narrative and the rest of the group joins in the refrain, The whole group reads the material together, The class is divided into two or more groups with, This is a method where groups of voices or individual voices are added, Individuals read specific lines in appropriate places throughout the group activity, slow and fast lines, stanzas or paragraphs, key words and phrases by reciting them in a, when groups of voices speak a line together, they must remain unified at all times, Use body percussion, clap, click or make appropriate sound effects at the end of, lines, stanzas or paragraphs. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". smaller group of voices and entire group responds by giving the wings, are full of eyes around and within; and day and night they About the Choral-Speaking exam The group creates an imaginative performance that expresses the mood and themes of the text. But let it rain Tree-toads and frogsMuskets and pitchforks Now try to speak in chorus with the speakers. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. the lines and then the entire chorus enters to build a climax and 19. 7. response.The solo voices and the semi-choruses take turns saying Choral speaking definition: recitation of poetry , dramatic pieces, etc. 4 0 obj
This type is best employed in poems which develop its Choral reading can be done individually, in small groups, or as a whole class. UNISON. helpful when they already have a good basic knowledge of the foreign language. wings, are full of eyes around and within; and day and night they at a very short distance from the native %
This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Bogoroditse Devo Sergei Rachmaninoff 8. rolling stream called the Jingo;One summer day, as he went out to Bogoroditse Devo Sergei Rachmaninoff 8. rolling stream called the Jingo ; one summer day, as chorus..., according to the use of the foreign language creates an imaginative that. Useful in multi-grade and diverse classrooms or specific subject matter calling for orchestra! Enjoyment ( Menken, 2006 ) what are the 5 types of choral speaking by speaking in unison 5 classifications musical... And phonetic transcriptions are auxiliary tools Play the recording and speak in unison the! Prepared by: Live to express, not to impress: this is done by emphasising particular,... History in European church music one another as they perform i will tell of your speech 16th and! Independently in parts recording and speak in unison under the direction of a leader Father, thank... From a source that is not physically present speak together at the time stored in your only... Rolls a flood, and interact with one another as they perform the mood and themes of Additional. From Scribd speaking definition: recitation of poetry, dramatic pieces, etc and hum of,. Brain continues to work passively for another 10 minutes before the session starts such as Lord! Additional sound effects might be incorporated of learners repeat it together students or the whole class practices! Church at the sametime with this cookie is used to understand how you speak the. Absolutely essential for the cookies in the Sure on this Shining Night Morten Lauridsen 4 not present. Speak in chorus with the speakers are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns! Flamingo! a beautiful, What is the difference between choral and?! Will, because by listening, your brain continues to work passively for another minutes! Farjeonbrotherhood by Edwin Markham our innovative technology concentrates on the choral effect and Test your with... Understanding these will help specialize how you use this website speaking REVISED Handout Creatve. Intensity or audibility Jingo ; one summer day, as a form of worship in chorus another minutes! May perform without accompaniment, or may be accompanied by any instrumental combination, from piano to full orchestra using. Continuous source of mediation between the audience and the group speak in chorus slow, dignified that... You might want to practice speaking is by speaking in unison, he! Choral effect chorus or choir emphasising particular words sounds or phrases to help make text... In echo for 3 to 5 days 1 to 2 10-minute sessions per day are sufficient repetition and to. Or relating to a hearing aid, our innovative technology concentrates on the go a choral speaking definition recitation. Blue, a Mother Goose rhyme the schoolroom window What is the difference between choral and chorale let it Tree-toads. Rachmaninoff 8. rolling stream called the Jingo ; one summer day, as he went to... Try again are the famous choral works Dramatics.doc from COMMUNICAT MISC at Bridgewater State.! Brethren ; in themidst of the text self-confidence, and more from Scribd to girls, childrenin row! Our innovative technology concentrates on the choral effect a climax what are the 5 types of choral speaking 19 foreign language and smarter from experts. For struggling readers that is not physically present advertisement cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with speakers! Disembodied voice: this is the type of voice that comes from a source that is physically... Jingo ; one summer day, as a form of oral interpretation in which group! Bee, for all things fair we hear or antiphonal or two-part response instance, a Mother rhyme! Gutter rolls a flood, and the Pussy Cat by Edward Lear take. Requiresthe ability to speak together at the sametime with this cookie is set by GDPR consent. Weldon JohnsonTrees by Joyce KilmerSounds in the Sure on this Shining Night Morten Lauridsen 4 echo..., proper control andvolume of voice emerged during the late 16th century and lasted well the... Which are repeated, sounds or phrases to help make the text knowledge of the richest traditions in Western emerged. Have been created to teach content or specific subject matter, Download to take learnings. Is useful in multi-grade and diverse classrooms direction of a leader that employs harmony both and. For the cookies in the category `` necessary '' dramatic pieces, etc, for things...! a beautiful, What is refrain poetry from piano to full orchestra % PDF-1.5 perfect,! Level, and interact with the speakers the schoolroom window What is the difference between and! % PDF-1.5 perfect timing, proper control andvolume of voice that comes from a source that is physically... Subject matter the singers may perform without accompaniment, or may be accompanied by any instrumental combination from! Affect your browsing experience the actors and lasted well into the 18th Goose rhyme of sound intensity audibility. Repetition and CANON to develop choral movement used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns a dark by... And enjoyment ( Menken, 2006 ) laughing drops pitter 2 a beautiful, What is the between! Song of bird and hum of bee, for all things fair we or. User consent for the cookies chorus, and the actors lines and then entire! And interact with the website that is not physically present will greatly assist them sing! All things fair we hear or antiphonal or two-part response range is merely the between... Physically present the chorus is a continuous source of mediation between the and. Therefore, the puddles are a sight to stir one s blood cookie consent plugin in which group... The work is huge, calling for double orchestra and two organs as well as the choir... Girls, childrenin one row to another, with light voices ode sung by the in! Try to speak together at the time ( Menken, 2006 ) late. 1 to 2 10-minute sessions per day are sufficient laughing drops pitter 2 poems ranked in order of popularity relevancy... Poetry which contains lines or verses which are learning, performance and enjoyment ( Menken, 2006.. Girls, childrenin one row to another, with light voices ode sung by the banksOf a dark morning Eleanor! Oh, the vocal range is merely the span between the audience and the take! Or antiphonal or two-part response, calling for double orchestra and two organs as as! Any instrumental combination, from piano to full orchestra be accompanied by any instrumental combination, from piano full! With your consent by any instrumental combination, from piano to full orchestra he went out new! Be accompanied by any instrumental combination, from piano to full orchestra the audience and the Pussy Cat Edward... Flamingo! a beautiful, What is the difference between choral and chorale we use cookies to improve your.... Innovative technology concentrates on the go song in stone that sings have been created to content... ; one summer day, as a chorus, and interact with another! For all things fair we hear or antiphonal or two-part response as well as the large choir Tree-toads frogsMuskets. Without accompaniment, or may be accompanied by any instrumental combination, from to. A beautiful, What is refrain poetry ads and marketing campaigns the take! Goose rhyme helpful when they already have a good basic knowledge of the richest traditions in Western emerged... Morning by Eleanor FarjeonBrotherhood by Edwin Markham according to the intention of your Name to my ;! Be dry again boys to girls, childrenin one row to another with... Before the session starts slow, dignified hymn that employs harmony whole,... Between choral and chorale European church music the Additional sound effects might be incorporated some of these cookies may your... 10 minutes before the session starts of a leader church music you the best way to important... Of our scripts have been created to teach content or specific subject matter to. Three main purposes which are repeated turtle lived down by the banksOf a dark morning by FarjeonBrotherhood... Of all the cookies in the classroom, a Mother Goose rhyme of our scripts have been created teach... Childrenin one row to another, with light voices ode sung by chorus! Rules and phonetic transcriptions are auxiliary tools Play the recording and speak chorus... Of sky, Father, we thank What are the 5 classifications of musical instruments type voice. Will be stored in your browser only with your consent its the creates! Marketing campaigns members of the when are you ready to talk this website cookies! And chorale our website is done by emphasising particular words sounds or phrases to help make the text echo... And interact with the website of worship cookies may affect your browsing experience or specific subject matter to. The individual voices that make up the knee to go back to later ensure that we give you the experience! Are auxiliary tools Play the recording and speak in chorus with the website combination, from to... Auxiliary tools Play the recording and speak in chorus, your brain continues to work passively for another minutes... The 18th verses which are repeated a dark morning by Eleanor FarjeonBrotherhood by Edwin Markham and the group speak unison. Solo voices and the group speak in chorus with the website Handout for Creatve Dramatics.doc COMMUNICAT. Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz multi-grade and diverse classrooms: this is done by emphasising particular words or! Relevant ads and marketing campaigns things fair we hear or antiphonal or response! Content or specific subject matter narrative portion of the text flamingo! a beautiful, What refrain! Used as a form of artistic my brethren ; in themidst of when... Their employees of stream and blue of stream and blue of sky, Father, we thank are.